An asylum application allows individuals already in the U.S. to seek protection from persecution in their home country based on race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group. Applicants must file within one year of arriving in the U.S. unless they qualify for an exception. If granted asylum, they can stay in the U.S., work, and apply for a green card after one year. Asylum seekers receive work authorization valid for up to five years while their case is processed by USCIS or immigration courts.